Oxidative stability of Echium plantagineum oil / Estabilidade Oxidativa do óleo de echium plantagineum

The evidences about the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), especially EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), have increased the consumption of these fatty acids. Echium plantagineum is a plant from Boragenacea family, known as potential source of non-marine omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA). Echium seeds presents 12-16% of stearidonic acid (SDA), that can be converted to EPA and DHA at a more elevated rate than the conversion obtained from α-linolenic acid (ALA), present in several other vegetable oils. However, echium oil is highly susceptible to oxidation because it has a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, the objective of this study was to combine three natural strategies to inhibit the oxidative damage in echium oil. In the first step, a mixture containing hydrophilic (HM: synaptic + ascorbic + citric acids) or lipophilic (LM: α-tocopherol + ascorbyl palmitate + citric acid) antioxidants was applied in the flaxseed oil, kept at 40oC/ 15 days. The oxidative markers were compared with the oil added of TBHQ (120 ppm) and EDTA (75 ppm), both artificial compounds. The results showed that LM and HM had an oxidative protection similar to the artificial antioxidants and that, HM promoted a better protection than LM. Based on this result, HM was selected as a strategy to be applied in the next step. In the second part of this study, Echium oil was obtained by two process: continuous screew pressing (PRESS) and extraction using hexane (SOLV). Both samples were added of HM combined with a high oleic sunflower oil and kept at different temperatures during storage. Two conditions were analyzed: 6 months into sealed flasks and 30 days into opened flasks. Oxidation reaction was followed by measuring the concentration of hydroperoxide, malondialdehyde, tocopherol and volatile compounds. In general, results showed that temperature reduction was enough to keep the oils stability during storage. Thus, the focus of the strategy's combination was directed toward samples after exposition to oxygen. In this context, better results were obtained by blending 20% of high oleic sunflower oil and the hydrophilic antioxidant mixture (500 ppm of synaptic acid, 250 ppm of ascorbic acid and 150 ppm of citric acid). In this condition it was observed 37-41% reduction in the hydroperoxide values and 40-75% in the malondialdehyde concentration in the samples prepared according to the optimized condition, when compared with the standard conditions by which the oil is currently extracted and processed

As evidências do efeito cardioprotetor dos ácidos graxos ômega 3 (AG n-3), principalmente do ácido eicosapentenoico (EPA) e docosahexaenoico (DHA), tem aumentado o consumo desses ácidos graxos. Echium plantagineum é uma planta da família Boragenacea, conhecida como uma fonte potencial AG n-3 de origem não marinha. As sementes de Echium apresentam 12-16% de ácido estearidônico (SDA), que pode ser convertido em EPA e DHA a uma maior taxa que a obtida através do consumo do ácido alfa linolênico (ALA), presente em diversos óleos vegetais. Porém, o óleo de echium é extremamente suscetível à oxidação, por ter um alto teor de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados. Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi combinar três estratégias naturais para inibir a oxidação no óleo de echium. Na primeira parte do estudo, misturas contendo antioxidantes hidrofílicos (HM: ácido sinápico + ácido ascórbico + ácido cítrico) ou lipofílicos (LM: alfa-tocoferol + palmitado de ascobila + ácido cítrico) foram aplicados no óleo de linhaça, e mantidos a 40oC por 15 dias. Os marcadores de oxidação foram comparados com óleo de linhaça no qual foram adicionados compostos artificiais: TBHQ (120 ppm) e EDTA (75 ppm). Os resultados mostraram que LM e HM apresentaram uma proteção antioxidante similar ao efeito apresentado pelos compostos artificiais, e que a mistura HM promoveu uma melhor proteção antioxidante que a mistura LM. A partir desse resultado, a mistura HM foi selecionada como estratégia a ser aplicada na etapa seguinte. Assim, na segunda parte do estudo, o óleo de echium foi obtido por dois processos de extração: prensagem mecânica continua (PRESS) e extração usando hexano (SOLV). A mistura HM e o óleo de girassol alto oleico foram selecionados como estratégias antioxidantes, além da redução de temperatura de estocagem. Duas condições foram analisadas: 6 meses em frascos fechados e 30 dias em frascos abertos. A oxidação foi quantificada através da determinação das concentrações de hidroperóxido, malonaldeído, tocoferol e compostos voláteis. No geral, os resultados mostraram que a redução de temperatura foi suficiente para manter a estabilidade do óleo durante o estoque. Portanto, objetivou-se combinar estratégias para aumentar a estabilidade oxidativa das amostras expostas ao oxigênio. Neste contexto, os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando 20% de óleo de girassol alto oleico foi combinado com a mistura hidrofílica de antioxidantes naturais (500 ppm de ácido sinápico, 250 ppm de ácido ascórbico e 150 ppm de ácido cítrico). Nessa condição, foi observada uma redução de 37-41% nos valores de hidroperóxidos e 40-75% na concentração de malonaldeído, quando comparado com a condição padrão

A Comparative Study of the Effect of Flaxseed Oil and Sunflower Oil on the Coagulation Score, Selected Oxidative and Inflammatory Parameters in Metabolic Syndrome Patients

0.05). However, serum IL-6 levels significantly decreased in the flaxseed oil group compared to the sunflower oil group (p = 0.017). No side effect was observed during the study due to the use of sunflower and flaxseed oils. We observed that consumption of flaxseed oil improved serum IL-6 levels but had no effect on oxidative stress and coagulation score in patients with MetS. Further studies are needed to confirm the veracity of our results.TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: IRCT2015012020737N1

Protective effect of dietary oils containing omega-3 fatty acids against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are implicated in secondary osteoporosis, and the resulting fractures cause significant morbidity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a vital role in bone metabolism. However, few trials have studied the impact of omega-3 PUFA-containing oils against GC-induced osteoporosis. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine whether supplementation with omega-3 PUFA-containing dietary oils such as fish oil, flaxseed oil or soybean oil can impede the development of GC-induced osteoporosis. METHODS: The fatty acids (FAs) content of oils was determined using gas chromatography. Male rats were subdivided into 5 groups (8 rats each): normal control (balanced diet), prednisolone control (10 mg/kg prednisolone daily), soybean oil (prednisolone 10 mg/kg + soybean oil 7% w/w), flaxseed oil (prednisolone 10 mg/kg + flaxseed oil 7% w/w), and fish oil (from cod liver; prednisolone 10 mg/kg + fish oil 7% w/w). RESULTS: The study data exhibited a significant depletion in bone mineral density (BMD) and femur mass in the prednisolone control compared to the normal control, accompanied with a marked decrease in the levels of plasma calcium and 1,25-(OH)₂-vitamin D₃, and elevated levels of C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Supplementation with fish oil, soybean oil or flaxseed oil helped to improve plasma calcium levels, and suppress oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. Additionally, bone resorption was suppressed as reflected by the decreased CTX levels. However, fish oil was more effective than the other two oils with a significant improvement in BMD and normal histological results compared to the normal control. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that supplementation with dietary oils containing omega-3 PUFAs such as fish oil, soybean oil or flaxseed oil can play a role in the prevention of bone loss and in the regulation of bone metabolism, especially fish oil which demonstrated a greater level of protection against GC-induced osteoporosis.

Efectos del aceite de linaza sobre las concentraciones de resistina plasmática en mujeres con síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos / Effects of flaxseed oil on plasma resistin concentrations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

RESUMEN OBJETIVO: Determinar el efecto del aceite de linaza sobre las concentraciones plasmáticas de resistina en mujeres con diagnóstico de síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos. METODOS: se realizó un estudio en 195 mujeres con diagnóstico de SOPQ que fueron tratadas con aceite de linaza por 12 semanas (n = 97; grupo A) y controles tratados con placebo (n = 98, grupo B). Se compararon las características generales, concentraciones hormonales, perfil lipídico y resistina. RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos con relación a las características generales (p = ns). Tampoco se encontraron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de hormonales, glicemia y HOMA entre los grupos (p = ns). Las mujeres del grupo A y B no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la ingesta total, ingesta de carbohidratos, proteínas y grasas totales entre los valores al inicio y al final del estudio (p = ns). Las mujeres del grupo A presentaron disminución concentraciones de colesterol total lipoproteínas de baja densidad y triglicéridos (p < 0,0001). Los valores promedio de resistina mostraron disminución significativa luego del tratamiento (p < 0,0001). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los valores promedio de las diferentes variables en las mujeres del grupo B (p = ns). CONCLUSION: El aceite de linaza produjo disminución significativa en las concentraciones plasmáticas de resistina en mujeres con síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos luego de 12 semanas de consumo.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of flaxseed oil over plasma concentrations of resistin in women with diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. METHODS: A research was performed in 195 women with diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome who were treated with flaxseed oil for 12 weeks (n = 97; group A) and controls treated with placebo (n = 98, group B). Overall characteristics, hormonal, metabolic, lipid profile and resistin concentrations were compared. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in relation to the general characteristics (p = ns). There were also no significant differences in hormonal, glycemia and HOMA concentrations between the groups (p = ns). The women in group A and B did not show statistically significant differences in total calories intake, carbohydrate, protein and total fat intake between initial and final values of study (p = ns). Women in group A had decreased concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides (p < 0.0001). Mean values of plasma resistin showed a significant reduction after treatment (p < 0.0001). No statistically significant differences were found in the mean values of the different variables in women of group B (p = ns). CONCLUSION: Flaxseed oil produced a significant decrease in plasma resistin concentrations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome after 12 weeks of consumption.

Comparison of the efficacy of 0. 03% tacrolimus eye drops diluted in olive oil and linseed oil for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs / Comparação do colírio tacrolimus 0, 03% em óleo de oliva e linhaça no tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the efficacy of 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops diluted in two different vehicles (linseed oil and olive oil) for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs. Methods: This study included 60 dogs. Of this group, 20 were healthy and allocated to the control group, and 40 were diagnosed with bilateral KCS and randomly allocated to either the TO (tacrolimus in olive oil) or the TL (tacrolimus in linseed oil) groups. Ophthalmic examinations, Schirmer Tear Test-1 (STT-1), Tear Film Break-up Time (TBUT) and Fluorescein Test (FT) were carried out monthly, along with cytological and histopathological examinations at the beginning and end of the study. Results: The clinical signs, corneal ulcers, Schirmer Tear Test-1 values, and Tear Film Break-up Time values improved in both groups after one month of treatment. Cytological examination at the end of the study showed decreased lymphocytes, neutrophil, metaplastic, and squamous cell counts in both groups, while the histopathological analysis showed decreases in lymphocytes and neutrophils and an increase in goblet cell density (cells/mm2). The decreases in neutrophil count were more significant (p<0.05) in the TL group for both types of examination. Conclusion: In sum, 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops diluted in olive oil and linseed oil were effective in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. None of the evaluated parameters differed significantly between the two groups, except for neutrophil count which was significantly lower in the TL group. Thus, linseed oil may be considered as an alternative diluent for tacrolimus eye drops.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia do tacrolimus 0,03% colírio, diluído em óleo de linhaça e óleo de oliva, no tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães. Métodos: Foram utilizados 60 cães; 20 cães saudáveis como grupo controle, e 40 cães com diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite seca bilateral, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Tacrolimus em óleo de oliva (TO) e Tacrolimus em óleo de semente de linhaça (TL). Os animais foram avaliados mensalmente com exames oftálmicos, Teste lacrimal de Schirmer-1 (TLS-1), Tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL) e Teste de Fluoresceína (TF), e mensalmente com citologia conjuntival e com exame histopatológico no início e final do estudo. Resultados: Nos dois grupos de tratamento os sinais clínicos, Teste lacrimal de Schirmer-1, óleo de semente de linhaça e Tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal apresentaram melhora após um mês de tratamento. E no final do estudo, na análise citológica, ambos apresentaram diminuição de linfócitos, neutrófilos, células metaplásicas e células escamosas, e na análise histopatológica houve diminuição de linfócitos, neutrófilos e o aumento de células caliciformes. No grupo óleo de semente de linhaça, a diminuição de neutrófilos foi mais significativa (p<0,05) em ambas análises. Conclusão: Em suma, tacrolimus 0,03% colírio diluído em óleo de oliva e óleo de linhaça foram eficientes no tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite seca. Nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados diferiu significativamente entre os dois grupos, exceto a contagem de neutrófilos, que foi significativamente menor no grupo TL. Assim, o óleo de linhaça pode ser considerado como um diluente alternativo para o colírio tacrolimus.

Potencial quimiopreventivo de lipídios estruturados obtidos por interesterificação da tributirina com o óleo de linhaça na hepatocarcinogênese / Chemopreventive potential of structured lipids obtained by interesterification of tributyrin with flaxseed oil in hepatocarcinogenesis

O carcinoma hepatocelular (HCC) apresenta mau prognóstico o que torna importante sua quimioprevenção. Nesse sentido, a tributirina (TB), um inibidor de desacetilases de histonas (HDACi), mostrou-se um quimiopreventivo promissor da hepatocarcinogênese. Avaliaram-se aqui efeitos quimiopreventivos de lipídios estruturados (EST) obtidos por interesterificação enzimática a partir da TB com o óleo de linhaça (LIN). Ratos foram tratados com EST (grupo EST; 165 mg/100g peso corpóreo [p.c]), TB (grupo TB; 200 mg/100g p.c), LIN (grupo LIN; 133 mg/100g p.c), mistura de TB com LIN (grupo LIN; 165 mg/100g p.c) ou maltodextrina (MD) (grupo MD; controle isocalórico; 300 mg/100g p.c) diariamente durante 8 semanas consecutivas por gavagem. Duas semanas após início dos tratamentos, os animais foram submetidos ao modelo de hepatocarcinogênese do "hepatócito resistente" (RH). Os grupos EST e TB apresentaram atividade quimiopreventiva bloqueadora e supressora, respectivamente, da hepatocarcinogênese. TB induziu a apoptose, ao contrário dos EST. O tratamento com TB resultou na acetilação e trimetilação da H3K9 e H3K27, enquanto EST atuaram somente na trimetilação das mesmas. Quando analisada a expressão de genes envolvidos com modificações em histonas, EST e TB reduziram a expressão de Ezh2 e de Hdac4. Por outro lado, somente os EST aumentaram a expressão de Hdac6. Tal efeito por parte dos EST merece ser mais investigado, uma vez que esta desacetilase vem sendo sugerida como alvo potencial para o desenvolvimento de fármacos. Em conclusão, a atividade quimiopreventiva de EST e da TB envolve na hepatocarcinogênese experimental mecanismos epigenéticos que podem ou não ser distintos

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis, which makes its chemoprevention important. Tributyrin (TB), which is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), is a promising chemopreventive agent of hepatocarcinogenesis. The chemopreventive effects of structured lipids (STLs) that were obtained by the enzymatic interesterification of TB with flaxseed oil (FSO) were evaluated in the present study. Rats were treated with STLs (STL group, 165 mg/100 g body weight (bw)), TB (TB group, 200 mg/100 g bw), FSO (FSO group, 133 mg/100 g bw), TB mixed with FSO (BLD group, 165 mg/100g bw) or maltodextrin (MD) (MD group; isocaloric control; 300 mg/100 g bw) daily for eight consecutive weeks by gavage. Two weeks after the initiation of treatment, the animals were subjected to the resistant hepatocyte hepatocarcinogenesis model (RH). The STL and TB groups developed blocker and suppressive chemopreventive activity against hepatocarcinogenesis, respectively. TB treatment induced apoptosis, unlike the STL treatment. Additionally, TB treatment resulted in the acetylation and trimethylation of H3K9 and H3K27, whereas the STLs acted only in the trimethylation of these histones. When analyzing the expression of genes involved in histone modifications, the STLs and TB reduced enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2) and histone deacetylase 4 (Hdac4) gene expression. Conversely, only the STLs increased Hdac6 gene expression. This effect of the STLs warrants further investigation because this deacetylase has been suggested as a potential drug development target. In conclusion, the chemopreventive activities of the STLs and TB in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis involve epigenetic mechanisms that may be distinct

Lipídios estruturados obtidos por interesterificação da tributirina com óleo de linhaça e seu potencial quimiopreventivo durante a fase de promoção inicial da hepatocarcinogênese experimental em ratos / Structured lipids obtained from intersterification of tributyrin and flax seed oil and their chemopreventive potential during early promotion phase of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in rats

A combinação de agentes quimiopreventivos com diferentes mecanismos de ação tem sido considerada uma estratégia promissora para a prevenção do câncer. Dentre os diversos compostos bioativos em alimentos, destacam-se a tributirina, um pró-fármaco do ácido butírico presente em laticínios e produzido pela fermentação de fibras dietéticas, e o óleo de linhaça, fonte de ácido alfa linolênico. Nesse contexto, foi avaliada a atividade quimiopreventiva de lipídios estruturados obtidos a partir da interesterificação enzimática de tributirina e óleo de linhaça durante a fase de promoção inicial da hepatocarcinogênese experimental. Ratos Wistar machos submetidos ao modelo do hepatócito resistente receberam diariamente, por via intragástrica (i.g), maltodextrina, óleo de linhaça, tributirina, a mistura não esterificada ou lipídios estruturados durante a fase de promoção inicial. O tratamento com lipídios estruturados demonstrou atividade quimiopreventiva comparável à da tributirina, mesmo resultando em menor concentração hepática de ácido butírico. Tanto a tributirina quanto os lipídios estruturados não inibiram a proliferação celular em lesões preneoplásicas, mas induziram a apoptose naquelas em remodelação. Os efeitos inibitórios da tributirina em fases iniciais da hepatocarcinogênese experimental estão relacionados ao aumento da acetilação de histonas e à modulação de processos de translocação nuclear da p53. No presente estudo, foi observado aumento substancial da razão nuclear/citoplasmática de p53 e importina-alfa em fígados de animais submetidos ao modelo e tratados com tributirina, mas não nos tratados com lipídios estruturados. Por outro lado, o tratamento com lipídios estruturados reduziu a expressão dos oncogenes Bcl2, Ccnd2, Pdgfa, Vegfa e aumentou a expressão dos genes supressores de tumor Cdh13, Fhit e Socs3. Assim, embora o potencial quimiopreventivo dos lipídios estruturados seja comparável ao da tributirina, os resultados sugerem que o novo composto não exibe atividade de HDACi, e que seus efeitos inibitórios na hepatocarcinogênese possam ser atribuídos à modulação da expressão de oncogenes e genes supressores de tumor

Combination of chemopreventive agents with different mechanisms of action has been considered a promising strategy to cancer prevention. Among several bioactive food compounds, tributyrin, a butyric acid prodrug obtained from dairy products and dietetic fiber fermentation, and flax seed oil, a rich source of alpha linolenic acid have shown chemopreventive potential. Here, we evaluated the chemopreventive activity of structured lipids obtained by enzymatic interesterification of tributyrin and flax seed oil during the early promotion phase of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats subjected to the resistant hepatocyte model were treated daily, i.g, with maltodextrin, flax seed oil, tributyrin, non-sterified blend, or structured lipids. Treatment structured lipids showed similar chemopreventive activity compared to tributyrin, even when structured lipids yielded lower concentrations of butyric in the liver. Tributyrin and structured lipids did not inhibit cell proliferation in preneoplastic lesions, but both of them induced apoptosis in remodeling preneoplastic lesions. In addition, histone acetylation and p21 restored expression tributyrin molecular mechanisms were related to modulation of p53 nuclear shuttling mechanisms. In the present study, it was observed a substantial increase in p53 nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and importin-alpha in preneoplastic livers of tributyrin treated rats, but not in those treated with structured lipids. In contrast, treatment structured lipids downregulated expression of major oncogenes Bcl2, Ccnd2, Pdgfa, and Vegfa; and upregulated expression of critical tumor suppressor genes, Cdh13, Socs3 and Fhit. Hence, although structured lipids and tributyrin show similar chemopreventive potential, the results suggest that the new compound does not exhibit HDACi activity, and that its inhibitory effects may be attributed to the modulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes expression

Comparison of 1% cyclosporine eye drops in olive oil and in linseed oil to treat experimentally-induced keratoconjunctivitis sicca in rabbits / Comparação da ciclosporina 1% em óleo de oliva e óleo de linhaça no tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite seca experimentalmente induzida em coelhos

ABSTRACTPurpose:To evaluate the effectiveness of topical 1% cyclosporine eye drops diluted in either of the two vehicles-olive and linseed oil-and that of the oils themselves in treating experimentally-induced keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in rabbits.Methods:KCS was induced in 25 New Zealand rabbits using 1% atropine sulfate eye drops for 7 days before treatment and throughout the treatment period (12 weeks). The rabbits were divided into five groups: one control (C) group without KCS induction and four treatment groups in which KCS was induced and treated topically with olive oil (O), linseed oil (L), cyclosporine in olive oil (CO), and cyclosporine in linseed oil (CL). The animals were evaluated using Schirmer tear test 1 (STT), the fluorescein test (FT), tear-film break-up time (TBUT), the rose bengal test (RBT), and histopathological analysis.Results:Values of STT and TBUT significantly decreased 1 week post-induction (p<0.05) and were similar to initial values after the 4th week of treatment, in all groups. After KCS induction, there was significantly less corneal damage in group L than in group CL, as assessed FT and RBT. Histopathology demonstrated that Groups L and CL presented less edema and corneal congestion. There was no significant difference in the goblet cell density (cells/mm2) between the groups (p=0.147).Conclusion:Cyclosporine diluted in olive oil or linseed oil was effective in the treatment of KCS, although it had better efficacy when diluted in linseed oil. Linseed oil presented better effectiveness, whether associated or not, than olive oil. These results may contribute to the creation of novel topical ophthalmic formulations for KCS treatment in future.

RESUMOObjetivo:Avaliar a eficácia do uso tópico do colírio de ciclosporina 1% em dois veículos, óleo de oliva e linhaça, e dos óleos separados, no tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite seca experimentalmente induzida (KCS) em coelhos.Método:Vinte e cinco coelhos Nova Zelândia foram induzidos para KCS com colírio de sulfato de atropina a 1% por sete dias antes e durante o período de tratamento (12 semanas) e foram divididos em 5 grupos, um grupo controle (C), sem indução de KCS e quatro grupos de tratamento tópico com ciclosporina em óleo de oliva (CO), ciclosporina em óleo de linhaça (CL), óleo de oliva (O) e óleo de linhaça (L). Os animais foram avaliados utilizando o teste lacrimal de Schirmer I (STT), teste de fluoresceína (FT), teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TBUT), teste de rosa bengala (RBT) e análise histopatológica.Resultados:Os valores de TBUT e STT diminuíram significativamente uma semana pós-indução da KCS (p<0,05) e foram semelhantes aos valores iniciais após a quarta semana de tratamento, em todos os grupos. Após a indução de KCS, houve menor dano na córnea no grupo L em relação ao grupo CL, quando avaliados FT e RBT. A histopatologia demonstrou que os grupos L e CL apresentaram menos edema e congestão da córnea. Não houve diferença significativa na densidade das células caliciformes (células/mm2) entre os grupos (p=0,147).Conclusão:Ciclosporina diluída em óleo de oliva ou linhaça foi eficiente no tratamento da CCS, porém teve uma melhor eficácia quando diluída no óleo de linhaça. O óleo de linhaça, isoladamente ou associado, apresentou melhor eficácia quando comparado ao óleo de oliva. Estes resultados podem contribuir no futuro com novas formulações oftálmicas tópicas no tratamento da CCS.

Milk fatty acid profile from grazing buffaloes fed a blend of soybean and linseed oils / Perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de búfalas a pasto recebendo uma mistura de óleo de soja e linhaça na dieta

The aim of the study was to examine the changes in milk fatty acid (FA) profile of grazing buffaloes fed either low (L, 276g/d) or high (H, 572g/d) doses of a blend (70:30, wt/wt) of soybean and linseed oils. Fourteen multiparous Mediterranean buffaloes grazing on a native pasture were fed 4 kg/day of a commercial concentrate containing no supplemental oil over a pre-experimental period of ten days. The baseline milk production and composition and milk FA profile were measured over the last three days. After this pre-experimental period the animals received the same concentrate added with either the L or H oil doses for 26 additional days. Milk yield (g/animal/day) did not differ at the start (1776 ± 522 and 1662 ± 291 for L and H, respectively, P<0.622) or at the end of the trial (4590 ± 991 and 4847 ± 447 in L and H, respectively, P<0.543). Baseline milk fat content (g/kg) averaged 77.1 (±20.5) in L and 74.3 (±9.9) in H (P<0.10) and was reduced (P<0.031) to 60.7 (±23.6) and 49.4 (±11.2) (P<0.0031) respectively after L and H with no differences between treatments (P<0.277). Baseline milk protein content (L=43.2 ± 3.4 and H= 44.3 ± 6.9g/kg) increased after oil supplementation (P<0.0001) in both L (73.2 ± 6.0g/kg) and H (68.4 ± 4.9g/kg) without differences between oil doses (P<0.123). Milk fat content of 14:0 decreased after oil supplementation only in the H treatment (5.29 to 4.03, P<0.007) whereas that of 16:0 was reduced (P<0.001) at both L (24.49 to 19.75g/100g FA) and H (25.92 to 19.17g/100g FA) doses. The reduction of total content of 12:0 to 16:0 was higher (P<0.052) in H (32.02 to 23.93g/100g FA) than L (30.17 to 25.45g/100g FA). Vaccenic acid content increased (P<0.001) from 5.70 to 13.24g/100g FA in L and from 5.25 to 16.77 in H, with higher results in the in H treatment (P<0.001). Baseline rumenic acid was sharply increased (P<0.001) in L (1.80 to 4.09g/100g FA, +127%) and H (1.60 to 4.61g/100g FA, +187%) with no differences between...

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as mudanças no perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de búfalas leiteiras recebendo baixas (B, 276g/d) ou altas (A, 572g/d) doses de uma mistura de óleos de soja e linhaça (70:30, peso/peso) na dieta. Quatorze búfalas multíparas da raça Mediterrânea, mantidas em pastagens nativas, receberam 4kg/dia de um concentrado comercial sem adição de óleo (pré-tratamento) ao longo de umperíodopré-experimental de 10 dias. A produção de leiteindividual e amostras de leite foram coletadas individualmente para determinação dos valores basais de composição e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite nos últimos trêsdias. Após este período, os animais receberam o mesmo concentrado adicionado deBou Apor 26 dias. A produção de leite (g/animal/dia) não diferiu no início (1776 ± 522 e 1662 ± 291para B e A, respectivamente (P<0,622) e no final do período experimental(4590 ±991e4847 ± 447 para LeH, respectivamente, P<0,543). O teor de gordura do leite (g/100g) apresentou valores médios de 77,1(±20,5)paraBe74,3 (±9,9)paraA(P<0,10) durante o período pré-tratamento,mas foi reduzido (P<0,03) após o fornecimento das dietas com óleo para 60,7 (± 23,6) e 49,4 (± 11,2), respectivamente para B e A, não havendo diferenças entre tratamentos (P<0,277). Os teores basais de proteína do leite (B=43,2 ± 3,4 e A=44,3 ± 6,9g/kg) aumentaram após a suplementação com óleo (P<0,0001) em ambos B (73,2 ± 6,0g/kg) e A (68,4 ± 4,9g/kg), não ocorrendo diferenças entre tratamentos (P<0,123). O teor médio basal de 14:0 na gordura do leite (4,76g/100g AG) foi reduzido após a suplementação da dieta com óleo somente no tratamento A (5,29 para 4,03, P<0,007). O teor de 16:0 na gordura do leite foi reduzido (P<0,001) nos tratamentos B (24,49 para 19,75g/100g AG) e A (25,92 para 19,17g/100g AG). A redução nos teores de 12:0+14:0+16:0 na gordura do leite foi maior (P<0,052) em A (32,02 para 23,93g/100g AG) do que em B (30,17 para 25,45g/100g AG). O teor de ácido vacênico (AV)...

Efeitos da ingestão de óleo de linhaça e treinamento físico sobre a massa óssea de ratos Wistar / Effects of flaxseed oil intake and exercise training on bone mass of wistar rats

O treinamento físico é reconhecido como fator importante para prevenção e tratamento de doenças ósseas, como osteoporose. O Ômega 3, presente em alimentos como óleo de linhaça, também pode contribuir para manutenção da saúde óssea. Todavia, poucos estudos investigaram possíveis efeitos sinérgicos de ambos. Objetivo: objetiva-se investigar os efeitos da administração do óleo de linhaça e do treinamento físico sobre a massa óssea de ratos wistar saudáveis. Método: os ratos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: controle (C), linhaça (L), treinado (T) e linhaça treinado (LT). O treinamento físico consistiu de 30 min/dia, 5 dias/semana, durante 8 semanas, suportando sobrecarga equivalente à 2,5 por cento massa corporal. O óleo de linhaça foi administrado via orogástrica por gavagem (0,5 ml/kg) durante 8 semanas. Os animais tiveram massa corporal registrada no início e final do período experimental e ingestões hídrica e alimentar foram coletadas na última semana de experimento. Após período experimental, os animais foram eutanasiados e a tíbia foi coletada para registros de comprimento e massa. Resultados e Discussão: nos parâmetros peso corporal, ingestões hídrica e alimentar e comprimento ósseo, a administração de linhaça e treinamento físico não causaram efeitos que promovessem diferença significativa nos valores. Todavia, o grupo que recebeu óleo de linhaça e foi submetido ao treinamento físico apresentou massa óssea da tíbia maior que os demais grupos. Conclusão: desta forma, pode ser concluído que, em animais saudáveis, este volume de treinamento físico e administração de óleo de linhaça concomitantemente promoveram aumento na massa tibial, sem provocar alterações nos demais parâmetros estudados...

Physical training is an important factor for the prevention and treatment of bone diseases like osteoporosis. Omega 3 found in foods such as flaxseed oil can also contribute to maintaining bone health. However, few studies have investigated possible synergistic effects of both. Objective: it aimed to verify the effects of administration of flaxseed oil and physical training in bone mass from healthy rats. Method: Wister rats were divided into four groups: control (C), linseed (L), trained (T) and flaxseed trained (LT). Exercise training consisted of 30 min / day, 5 days / week during 8 weeks supporting a load corresponding to 2.5 percent of the body weight. The flaxseed oil was administered via orogastric gavage (0.5 ml / kg) for 8 weeks. The animals had body mass recorded at the beginning and end of the experimental period, and water and food intakes collected in the last week of the experiment. After the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and the tibia is removed to length and weight records. Results and Discussion: to body weight, water intake, food intake and bone length, the administration of flaxseed and/or physical training did not cause significant differences between the groups studied. However, the group that received flaxseed oil and was subjected to physical training had greater tibial bone mass than the other groups. Conclusion: it is concluded that this volume of physical training and administration of flaxseed oil concomitantly caused an increase in tibial mass without causing changes in other studied parameters in heathy rats...

Óleos vegetais extraídos a frio comercializados na cidade de São Paulo: avaliação das características de identidade e qualidade e da ocorrência de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos / Cold-pressed vegetable oils sold in São Paulo city characteristics of identity and quality evaluation and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons occurrence

O crescente mercado dos produtos naturais, fomentado pelo interesse dos consumidores por alimentos que auxiliem a promoção da saúde, tem pressionado a indústria alimentícia na oferta por novos alimentos. Dentre estes alimentos, encontram-se os óleos vegetais extraídos a frio, reconhecidos por preservarem compostos bioativos característicos e, alguns deles, serem fontes de ácidos graxos (AG) essenciais. A categoria dos óleos e gorduras apresenta, dentre outros alimentos, uma importante fonte de exposição aos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), um grupo de contaminantes químicos orgânicos, alguns com ação carcinogênica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os óleos vegetais extraídos a frio quanto aos parâmetros de identidade, de qualidade e à ocorrência de HPAs. Foram avaliadas 40 amostras, dez de cada tipo (coco, cártamo, prímula e linhaça), de diferentes marcas, adquiridas no comércio da cidade de São Paulo. Foram realizados os ensaios de perfil de AG, índice de acidez, índice de peróxido, p-anisidina, valor total de oxidação (totox) e HPAs (benzo(a)antraceno, criseno, benzo(b)fluoranteno e benzo(a)pireno). Quanto aos AG, catorze óleos (35 por cento ) não apresentaram perfis de ácidos graxos característicos que os declarados em seus rótulos, incluindo um de coco, quatro de cártamo e nove de prímula. Os valores para acidez estavam inadequados em relação a legislação para três óleos de linhaça (7,5 por cento )...

The natural product market growth, stimulated by the interest of consumers in foods that support health promotion, has encouraged the food industry to supply new kinds of foods. Among these are the cold-pressed vegetable oils, recognized by preserving characteristic bioactive compounds and, some of them, are sources of essential fatty acids (FA). The category of oils and fats owns, within others foods, an important source of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of organic chemical contaminants, some of them with carcinogenic activity. This study aimed at evaluating cold-pressed vegetable oils in relation to the PAHs occurrence, as well as the quality and identity parameters. Forty samples being ten of each type (coconut oil, safflower oil, evening primrose oil and flaxseed oil) of distinct brands, which were acquired in different markets from São Paulo, were evaluated. Fatty acids profile, acid value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value (totox) and PAHs (benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene) were analyzed. As for FA, fourteen oils (35 per cent ) showed different fatty acids profiles according to the ones on their labels, including one of coconut oil, four of safflower oils and nine of evening primrose oils. The acid values were unsuitable towards the legislation to three flaxseed oils (7.5 per cent )...

Effects of Maternal Linseed Oil Supplementation on Metabolic Parameters in Cafeteria Diet-induced Obese Rats / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Because linseed oil may influence maternal and fetal metabolisms, we investigated its role in the modulation of lipid metabolism in cafeteria diet-induced obese rats and their offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed control or cafeteria food, which were either supplemented or not supplemented with linseed oil (5%) for 1 month before and during gestation. At parturition, serum and tissue lipids and enzyme activities were analyzed. Cafeteria diet induced adverse metabolic alterations in both mothers and offspring. Linseed oil improved metabolic status. In conclusion, linseed oil displayed health benefits by modulating tissue enzyme activities in both obese mothers and their newborns.

Modulatory effects of α- linolenic acid on generation of reactive oxygen species in elaidic acid enriched peritoneal macrophages in rats.

Fatty acids are known to influence the ability of macrophages to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). However the effect of elaidic acid (EA, 18:1 trans fatty acid) on ROS generation is not well studied. Rat peritoneal macrophages were enriched with elaidic acid by incubating the cells with 80 µM EA. The macrophages containing EA generated higher amounts of superoxide anion (O2·-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO˙) by 54, 123 and 237%, respectively as compared to control cells which did not contain EA. To study the competition of other C18 fatty acids with EA macrophages were incubated with EA along with stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2) and α- linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3). ALA significantly reduced the incorporation of EA into macrophage lipids. This also significantly reduced the generation of O2· -, H2O2, NO˙ by macrophages. Studies were also conducted by feeding rats with diet containing partially hydrogenated vegetable fat (PHVF) as a source for EA and linseed oil (LSO) as a source for ALA. The rats were fed AIN-93 diet containing PHVF with 17% EA and incremental amounts of linseed oil for 10 weeks. The peritoneal macrophages from rats fed partially hydrogenated vegetable fat generated higher levels of O2·-, H2O2, NO˙ by 46, 161 and 76% respectively, when compared to rats fed control diets containing ground nut oil. Macrophages from rats fed PHVF with incremental amounts of LSO produced significantly lower levels ROS in a dose dependent manner. Thus ALA reduces the higher levels of ROS generated by macrophages containing EA.

Capacidade funcional em cavalos de salto suplementados com linhaça / Functional capacity of jumping horses supplemented with linseed

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação com linhaça, como fonte do ácido graxo ômega-3, sobre a capacidade funcional de cavalos de salto. Foram utilizados seis equinos distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos 3x3 balanceados. Os grupos experimentais consistiram em níveis crescentes de linhaça (na forma de farinha e óleo de linhaça na proporção de 75:25, respectivamente), resultando nos tratamentos de 0 (controle), 60 e 120g/cavalo/dia de linhaça. Os cavalos foram suplementados por período de 30 dias. A atividade física consistiu em trabalho para salto no nível de equitação fundamental. As variáveis funcionais mensuradas foram índice de claudicação (IC), comprimento da passada e biometria da articulação metacarpofalangeana - MCF (circunferência e ângulo de flexão). Observou-se efeito significativo da suplementação com linhaça, independentemente da dosagem, sobre o IC. Ainda, o fornecimento de 120g de linhaça/cavalo/dia aumentou o comprimento da passada dos cavalos ao trote (P<0,05) e promoveu redução de 0,5cm na circunferência da articulação MCF (P<0,05) em comparação ao grupo controle. A suplementação de cavalos de salto com 120g/dia de linhaça promoveu maior comprimento da passada ao trote e redução de edema na articulação metacarpofalangeana, melhorando suas capacidades funcionais...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of linseed as an omega-3 fatty acid supplier on the functional capacity of jumping horses. 6 horses disposed in two 3 x 3 balanced Latin squares were used. The treatments consisted of increasing levels of linseed mixed with flour and linseed oil in a ratio of 75:25, respectively, resulting in 0g (control), 60g and 120g on a daily basis per horse. The horses were supplemented for 30 days. Physical activity was jumping at riding class level. The functional parameters measured were lameness index, stride length and joint metacarpophalangeal (MCP) biometry (circumference and flexion angle). A significant linseed supplementation effect for doses of 60 and 120g was observed on the lameness index. Feeding 120g of linseed increased stride length while trotting (P<0.05). An increment of 0.5cm on MCP circumference was found in horses that received the control diet when compared to those horses that consumed 120g of linseed. Thus, supplementation of jumping horses with 120g/day of linseed promoted greater stride length at a trot and reduced swelling in the metacarpophalangeal joint, improving their functional capabilities...

Co-administration of trientine and flaxseed oil on oxidative stress, serum lipids and heart structure in diabetic rats.

The administration of flaxseed oil or flaxseed oil plus trientine in diabetic rats reduced triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. Furthermore, the combined treatment significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity and attenuated serum Cu2+. The results suggest that the administration of flaxseed oil plus trientine is useful in controlling serum lipid abnormalities, oxidative stress, restoring heart structure, and reducing serum Cu2+ in diabetic rats.

Estabilidade oxidativa e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas suplementadas com óleo de linhaça na dieta associado ou não ao selenito de sódio injetável / Oxidative stability and fatty acid profile content of milk from cows fed linseed oil diet with or without injectable sodium selenite

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação com óleo de linhaça na dieta, com ou sem injeção de selenito de sódio, sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos e sobre a estabilidade oxidativa do leite de vacas leiteiras. Catorze vacas foram distribuídas em três tratamentos: as do grupo 1, que receberam diariamente 400mL de óleo de linhaça (LIN); as do grupo 2, 400mL de óleo de linhaça + 0,2mg/kg de selenito de sódio IM (LINSe); e as do grupo 3 (controle), que não foram tratadas (C). O óleo foi fornecido diariamente após 15 dias da aplicação única de selenito de sódio, e o experimento teve duração de quatro semanas. Os animais suplementados com o óleo de linhaça produziram leite com altas porcentagens de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) e de ômega 3, contudo mais suscetível à oxidação. A aplicação injetável de selenito de sódio mostrou-se eficaz ao impedir a oxidação prematura do leite. Concluiu-se que a inclusão do óleo de linhaça na dieta de vacas leiteiras resulta em aumento do CLA, do ômega 3 e, consequentemente, da oxidação do leite, necessitando, assim do uso de substâncias antioxidantes ou promotores antioxidantes, como o selenito de sódio injetável.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dietary linseed oil supplementation with or without injectable sodium selenite on the fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of milk from dairy cows. Fourteen cows were allocated into four treatment groups: Group 1 which received 400mL of linseed oil daily (LIN); Group 2, 400mL of linseed oil + 0,2mg/BW sodium selenite IM (LINSe); Group 3, untreated controls (C). The oil was supplied daily after 15 days of a single application of sodium selenite and during 4 weeks. Animals supplemented with linseed oil produced milk with higher levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega 3, but were also more susceptible to oxidation. The application of sodium selenite was effective to prevent premature oxidation of milk. We concluded that the supplementation of a cow's diet with linseed oil promoted increased CLA and omega 3 in milk, which in turn becomes more susceptible to oxidation, requiring the use of antioxidants or promoters of antioxidant activity such as injectable sodium selenite.

Effects of perilla oil on plasma concentrations of cardioprotective (n-3) fatty acids and lipid profiles in mice

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of perilla oil as well as several vegetable oils, including flaxseed oil, canola oil, and rice bran oil on plasma levels of cardioprotective (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in mice by feeding each vegetable oil for a period of eight weeks. Concentrations of docosapentaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), fish-based (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, showed an increase in the plasma of mice fed perilla and flaxseed oils compared to those of mice in the control group (P < 0.05), whereas rice bran and canola oils did not alter plasma DPA and EPA concentrations. Arachidonic acid concentration was increased by feeding rice bran oil (P < 0.05), but not canola, flaxseed, or perilla oil. In addition, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were altered by feeding dietary rice bran, canola, perilla, and flaxseed oils. Findings of this study showed that perilla oil, similar to flaxseed oil, is cardioprotective and could be used as an alternative to fish oil or even flaxseed oil in animal models.

Production of TNF-α, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide by macrophages from mice with paracoccidioidomycosis that were fed a linseed oil-enriched diet

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) can modulate the immune system and their primary effect is on macrophage function. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an endemic systemic mycosis in Latin America that is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb). Macrophages are the main defence against this pathogen and have microbicidal activity that is dependent on interferon-Γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. These cytokines stimulate the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), leading to the death of the fungus. To study the effect of n-3 PUFA on the host immune response during experimental PCM, macrophages that were obtained from animals infected with Pb18 and fed a diet enriched by linseed (LIN) oil were cultured and challenged with the fungus in vitro. The macrophage function was analysed based on the concentrations of TNF-α, NO and H2O2. LIN oil seems to influence the production of TNF-α during the development of disease. A diet enriched with LIN oil influences the microbicidal activity of the macrophages by inducing the production of cytokines and metabolites such as NO and H2O2, predominantly in the chronic phase of infection.

Diferenças estruturais e qualitativas dos óleos de oliva, girassol e linhaça e seus efeitos sobre as doenças cardiovasculares / Structure and qualitative differences in the olive, sunflower and flaxseed oils and their effects on cardiovasculare disease

A qualidade dos lípides na alimentação é um dos principaisfundamentos na prevenção e mortalidade por doenças crônicasnão transmissíveis. Ensaios anteriores já estabeleceramos benefícios das gorduras insaturadas ante as saturadas,principalmente em relação ao ômega 3 (w-3). Mais recentemente,os estudos têm buscado avaliar os efeitos metabólicosde diversos óleos, tanto de forma isolada como associados.Como parte da dieta Mediterrânea, o óleo de oliva pareceexercer papel efetivo na diminuição plasmática de colesterol,especialmente na lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL). Entreos óleos ricos em ácidos polinsaturados, o de girassol e o delinhaça estão sendo analisados quanto às suas ações e sobre anecessidade de se estabelecer uma relação de consumo. Esteartigo revisa os conceitos da estrutura química dos óleos deoliva, girassol e linhaça e os efeitos que exercem sobre a saúdecardiovascular.

The importance of lipids in our nutrition is a major corner stone in the prevention and mortality from chronic diseases, both in their quantity, and quality. Previous trials have already establishedthe benefits of unsaturated fats compared to saturated, especially in relation to omega 3 (w-3). More recently, several studies try to evaluate the metabolic effects of different oils,either alone or associated. As part of the Mediterranean diet, olive oil seems to play an effective role in reducing plasmacholesterol, especially in low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Among the oils rich in polyunsaturated acids, the sunflowerand flax seed oils are being analyzed for their actions and the need to establish a consumer relationship. This article reviews the concept of the chemical structure of olive oil, sunflower oil and flaxseed oil, and their effects on cardiovascular health.

Consumo materno de dois compostos bioativos da semente da linhaça sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e hormonais das mães e proles durante a lactação / Maternal consumption of two bioactive compounds from flax seed on biochemical and hormonal parameters of mothers and offspring during lactation

Avaliamos o efeito do consumo materno de SDG (Diglicosídeo Secoisolariciresinol) e de óleo de Linhaça+SDG sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e hormonais das ratas e das proles machos e fêmeas na lactação. As ratas lactantes foram separadas em: controle (C), ração controle cuja proteína foi caseína; (SDG): ração C com 400mg de SDG/Kg de ração; OLSDG: ração C com 400mg de SDG/Kg de ração e 7% de óleo de linhaça. No 14º e 20º dias de lactação as ratas foram ordenadas e no 21º dia foram sacrificadas por punção cardíaca. Leite e soro foram coletados para avaliação bioquímica e hormonal. Hormônios foram quantificados por radioimunoensaio. As proles machos e fêmeas foram sacrificadas aos 14 e 21 dias de idade. Os animais foram eviscerados para análise da composição corporal. Monitoramos a ingestão alimentar e a massa corporal (MC) durante o período experimental. As ratas SDG apresentaram maior gordura corporal (GC; +39%), enquanto as OLSDG menor conteúdo mineral (-20%) e trigliceridemia (TG) (-39%). As ratas SDG e OLSDG apresetaram hiperprolactinemia (+389% e 153%, respectivamente) sem alteração na concentração de estradiol. No 14º dia de lactação, o leite das ratas OLSDG apresentou menores teores de lactose (-17%) e de proteínas (-20%) e o das ratas SDG apenas menor teor de proteína (-21%). A partir do 13º dia de lactação tanto os machos quanto as fêmeas OLSDG apresentaram menor MC (-14%, -16%, respectivamente). No 14º dia de lactação os machos SDG e OLSDG apresentaram menor gordura corporal (-24%, -55%, respectivamente) e a prole SDG maior massa de gordura visceral (+39%). Os machos SDG apresentaram maiores concentrações de TG (+105%) e hipoprolactinemia (-41%). Os machos OLSDG também apresentaram hipoprolactinemia (-41%). As fêmeas SDG e OLSDG apresentaram maior estradiol aos 14 dias (+86% e +176%) que se normalizou aos 21 dias, maior colesterolemia (+16%) e as SDG apresentaram maior trigliceridemia (+74%). Aos 21 dias os machos e as fêmeas SDG e OLSDG...

We evaluated the mother's intake of SDG (Diglicoside secoisolariciresinol) and flaxseed oil + SDG upon biochemical and hormonal parameters of lactating female rats and the male and female offspring during lactation. The female lactating rats were divided into: Control (C): feeding a diet with casein; (SDG): feeding diet C added 400mg of SDG/Kg diet; (OLSDG): diet C added 400mg of SDG/Kg diet and 7% of flaxseed oil. Milk samples were obtained on the 14th and 20th days of lactation and the mothers were sacrificed and blood collected by cardiac puncture on the 21st day. Milk and serum were collected for biochemical and hormonal analysis. The male and female offsprings were sacrified on the 14th and 21th day. The hormonal dosages were measured by radioimunassay. The animals were completely eviscerated to analyze body composition. Body mass (BM) and food intake were monitored during all experimental period. The SDG rats showed higher fat mass (+39%) while the OLSDG rats showed lower mineral content (-20%) and triglycerides (TG) serum levels (-39%). The SDG and OLSDG rats showed higher prolactin levels (+339% and +153% respectively) without changes in serum estradiol. On the 14th day of lactation we observed lower lactose (-17%) and protein (-20%) content in the OLSDG rat's milk while in the SDG only lower protein (-21%). From the 13th day of lactation both the males and females OLSDG showed lower BM (-14%, -16%, respectively). On the 14th day the male SDG and OLSDG showed lower fat mass (-24%, -55%, respectively), and the SDG offspring showed higher visceral fat mass (+39%). The SDG male also showed higher TG levels (+105%) and lower prolactin levels (-41%). The OLSDG males also showed lower prolactin serum levels (-41%). The OLSDG female showed higher serum estradiol at 14 days (+86% e +176%), which normalized at 21 days and higher cholesterolemia (+16%) and the SDG female presented higher TG levels (+74%). On day 21th day the male and female SDG and OLSDG...